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The Great Mental Models, Volume 1: General Thinking Concepts (The Great Mental Models Series) Hardcover – October 15, 2024
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This first book in the series is your guide to learning the crucial thinking tools nobody ever taught you.
Time and time again, great thinkers such as Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett have credited their success to mental models–representations of how something works that can scale onto other fields.
Mastering a small number of mental models enables you to rapidly grasp new information, identify patterns others miss, and avoid the common mistakes that hold people back.
The Great Mental Models: Volume 1, General Thinking Concepts shows you how making a few tiny changes in the way you think can deliver big results.
Drawing on examples from history, business, art, and science, this book details nine of the most versatile, all-purpose mental models you can use right away to improve your decision making and productivity.
This book will teach you how to:
- Avoid blind spots when looking at problems.
- Find non-obvious solutions.
- Anticipate and achieve desired outcomes.
- Play to your strengths, avoid your weaknesses,
The Great Mental Models series demystifies once elusive concepts and illuminates rich knowledge that traditional education overlooks. This series is the most comprehensive and accessible guide on using mental models to better understand our world, solve problems, and gain an advantage.
- Print length208 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPortfolio
- Publication dateOctober 15, 2024
- Dimensions5.75 x 0.74 x 8.5 inches
- ISBN-100593719972
- ISBN-13978-0593719978
Book recommendations, author interviews, editors' picks, and more. Read it now.
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From the Publisher
Vol 1 | Vol 2 | Vol 3 | Vol 4 | |
Subject Matter | General Thinking Concepts | Physics, Chemistry, and Biology | Systems and Mathematics | Economics and Art |
Concepts include… | The Map vs. The Territory, Second-Order Effects, Occam's Razor | Leverage, Inertia, Activation Energy | Compounding, Regression to the Mean, Law of Diminishing Returns | Creative Destruction, Representation, Genre |
Page length | 208 | 400 | 384 | 416 |
Illustrations throughout | x | x | x | x |
New material | Fully revised and updated | Fully revised and updated | Fully revised and updated | Brand new volume with never-before-seen content |
Editorial Reviews
Review
— Matt Mullenweg, co-founder of WordPress, founder and CEO of Automattic
“If you’ve read Charlie Munger’s Almanack this is the book you deeply crave in its wake. … Learn the big ideas from the big disciplines and you’ll be able to twist and turn problems in interesting ways at unprecedented speeds. … You owe yourself this book.”
— Simon Eskildsen
“This is what non-fiction books should aspire to be like. Informative, concise, universal, practical, visual, sharing stories and examples for context. Definitely, a must-read if you’re into universal multi-disciplinary thinking.”
— Carl Rannaberg
“I can truly say it is one of the best books I’ve ever had the pleasure of getting lost in. I loved the book and the challenges to conventional wisdom and thinking it presents.”
— Rod Berryman
“Want to learn? Read This! This should be a standard text for high school and university students.”
— Code Cubitt
About the Author
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
You're only as good as your tools.
It is remarkable how much long-term advantage people like us have gotten by trying to be consistently not stupid, instead of trying to be very intelligent.
-Charlie Munger
In life and business, the person with the fewest blind spots wins. Blind spots are the source of all poor decisions. Think about it: If you had perfect information, you would always make the best decision. In a poker game where you could see everyone's cards, you'd play your hand perfectly. You wouldn't make any mistakes.
Unfortunately, we have a lot of blind spots. And while we can't eliminate them, we can reduce them. Reducing blind spots means we see, interact with, and move closer to understanding reality. We think better. And thinking better is about finding simple processes that help us work through problems from multiple dimensions and perspectives, allowing us to better choose solutions that fit the objective. The skill behind finding the right solutions for the right problems is one form of wisdom.
This book is about the pursuit of that type of wisdom-the pursuit of uncovering how things work, the pursuit of going to bed smarter than when we woke up. It is a book about getting out of our own way so we can better understand how the world really is. Decisions based on improved understanding will be better than ones based on ignorance. While, inevitably, we can't predict which problems will crop up in life, we can learn time-tested ideas that help position us for whatever the world throws at us.
Perhaps more importantly, this book is about avoiding problems. This often comes down to understanding a problem accurately and seeing the secondary and subsequent consequences of any proposed action. The author and explorer of mental models Peter Bevelin put it best: "I don't want to be a great problem solver. I want to avoid problems-prevent them from happening and do it right from the beginning."
How can we do things right from the beginning?
We must understand how the world works and adjust our behavior accordingly. Contrary to what we're led to believe, thinking better isn't about being a genius. It is about the processes we use to uncover reality and the choices we make once we do.
How This Book Can Help You
This is the first of four volumes aimed at defining and exploring the Great Mental Models-those with the broadest utility across our lives.
Mental models describe the way the world works. They shape how we think, how we understand, and how we form beliefs. Largely subconscious, mental models operate below the surface. We're not generally aware of them, and yet when we look at a problem, they're the reason we consider some factors relevant and others irrelevant. They are how we infer causality, match patterns, and draw analogies. They are how we think and reason.
A mental model is a compression of how something works. Any idea, belief, or concept can be distilled down. Like maps, mental models reveal key information while ignoring the nonessential. For example, you likely have a useful idea about how inertia works, even though you don't know all the technical details.
Mental models help us better understand the world. While this might sound a bit academic, it's not. For example, velocity helps us understand that both speed and direction matter. Reciprocity helps us understand how going positive and going first gets the world to do most of the work for us. The idea of a margin of safety helps us understand that things don't always go as planned. Relativity shows us how a different perspective changes everything. The list goes on.
It doesn't matter what the model is or where it comes from-the question to ask yourself is whether it is useful. The world is not divided into distinct disciplines. For example, business professors won't discuss physics in their lectures, but they should. Velocity teaches us that going in the right direction matters more than how fast you go. Kinetic energy teaches us that your company's velocity matters more than its size when creating an impact in the market. Understanding and applying these insights helps you outperform your competition.
While it helps to think of each model as a map, collectively they act as lenses through which you can see the world. Each lens (model) offers a different perspective, revealing new information. Looking through one lens lets you see one thing, and looking through another reveals something different. Looking through them both reveals more than looking through each one individually.
Whether we realize it or not, mental models help us think at the subconscious level. They shape what we see, what we choose to ignore, and what we miss entirely. While there are millions of mental models, these volumes focus on the ones with the greatest utility-the all-star team of mental models.
Volume 1 presents the first nine models, which are general thinking concepts. Although these models are hiding in plain sight, they are useful tools that you likely were never directly taught. Put to proper use, they will improve your understanding of the world we live in and your ability to look at a situation through different lenses, each of which reveals a different layer. They can be used in a wide variety of situations and are essential to making rational decisions, even when there is no clear path. Collectively, they will allow you to walk around any problem in a three-dimensional way.
Our approach to the Great Mental Models rests on the idea that the fundamentals of knowledge are available to everyone. There is no discipline that is off-limits-the core ideas from all fields of study contain principles that reveal how the universe works and are therefore essential to navigating it. Our models come from fundamental disciplines that most of us have never studied, but no prior knowledge is required, only a sharp mind with a desire to learn.
Why Mental Models?
There is no system that can prepare us for all risks. Factors of chance introduce a level of complexity to any situation that is not entirely predictable. But being able to draw on a repertoire of timeless mental models can help us minimize risk by better understanding the forces that are at play. Likely consequences don't have to be a mystery.
Not having the ability to shift perspective by applying knowledge from multiple disciplines makes us vulnerable. Mistakes can become catastrophes whose effects keep compounding, creating stress and limiting our choices. Multidisciplinary thinking-learning these mental models and applying them across our lives-creates less stress and more freedom. The more we can draw on the diverse knowledge contained in these models, the more solutions will present themselves.
Understanding Reality
"Understanding reality" is a vague phrase, one you've already encountered a few times as you've read this book. Of course, we want to understand reality, but how do we do that? And why is it important?
In order to see a problem for what it is, we must first break it down into its substantive parts, so the interconnections can reveal themselves. This bottom-up perspective allows us to expose what we believe to be the causal relationships within the problem and determine how they will govern the situation both now and in the future. Being able to accurately describe the full scope of a situation is the first step to understanding it.
Using the lenses of our mental models helps us illuminate these interconnections. The more lenses used on a given problem, the more reality reveals itself. The more of reality we see, the fewer blind spots we have. The fewer blind spots we have, the better the options at our disposal.
Simple and well-defined problems won't need many lenses, as the variables that matter are known; so too are the interactions between them. In such cases, we generally know what to do to get the intended result with the fewest side effects possible. When problems are more complicated, however, the value of having a brain full of lenses becomes readily apparent.
That's not to say all lenses (or models) apply to all problems. They don't. And it's not to say that having more lenses (or models) will be an advantage in thinking through all problems; it won't. This is why learning and applying the Great Mental Models is a process that takes some work. But the truth is, most problems are multidimensional, and thus having more lenses often offers significant help with the problems we are facing.
Keeping Your Feet on the Ground
In Greek mythology, Antaeus was the human-giant son of Poseidon, god of the sea, and Gaia, Mother Earth. Antaeus had a strange habit: he would challenge all those who passed through his country to a wrestling match. As in wrestling today, the goal was to force the opponent to the ground. Antaeus always won, and his defeated opponents' skulls were used to build a temple to his father. While Antaeus was undefeated and nearly undefeatable, there was a catch to his invulnerability. His epic strength depended on constant contact with the earth; when he lost touch with the earth, he lost all his strength. The great hero lost to Heracles, who simply lifted him off the ground.
On the way to the Garden of the Hesperides, Heracles was to fight Antaeus as one of his twelve labors. After a few rounds in which Heracles flung the giant to the ground, only to watch him revive, he realized he could not win by using traditional wrestling techniques. Instead, Heracles fought to lift Antaeus off the ground. With the earthly connection broken, Antaeus was separated from the source of his power, causing him to lose his strength. From that point on, it was easy for Heracles to crush him.
When understanding is separated from reality, we lose our powers to make better decisions. Understanding must constantly be tested against reality and updated accordingly. This isn't a box we can tick, a task with a definite beginning and end, but rather a continuous process.
We all know the person who seems to have all the answers. They know how to fix all the problems at work, solve world hunger, and get in shape (if only they wanted to). If you don't test your ideas against the real world-if you don't keep contact with the earth-how can you be sure you understand it? While pontificating with friends over a bottle of wine at dinner can be fun, the only way you'll know the extent to which you understand reality is to put your ideas into action.
Getting in Our Own Way
The biggest barrier to learning from the world is ourselves. It's hard to understand a system that we are part of because we have blind spots, where we can't see what we aren't looking for and don't notice what we don't notice.
There are these two young fish swimming along, and they happen to meet an older fish, swimming the other way, who nods at them and says, "Morning, boys. How's the water?" And the two young fish swim on for a bit, and then eventually one of them looks over at the other and goes, "What the hell is water?"
-David Foster Wallace
Our failures to update our mental models as we interact with the world spring primarily from three factors: not having the right perspective or vantage point, ego-induced denial, and distance from the consequences of our decisions. As we will learn in greater detail throughout these volumes on mental models, all of these can get in the way. They make it easier to keep our existing and flawed beliefs than to update them accordingly. Let's briefly flesh out these flaws:
The first flaw is failure of perspective. We have a hard time seeing any system that we are a part of. We think our angle of perception is the right one and the only one.
Galileo had a great analogy to describe the limits of our default perspective: Imagine you are on a ship that has reached constant velocity (meaning there is no change in speed or direction). You are belowdecks, and there are no portholes. You drop a ball from your raised hand to the floor. To you, it looks as if the ball is dropping straight down, thereby confirming gravity is at work.
Now imagine you are a fish (with special X-ray vision) and you are watching this ship go past. You see the scientist inside, dropping a ball. You register the vertical change in the position of the ball. But you are also able to see a horizontal change. As the ball was pulled down by gravity, it also shifted its position eastward by about twenty feet. The ship moved through the water, and therefore so did the ball. The scientist onboard, with no external point of reference, was not able to perceive this horizontal shift.
This analogy shows us the limits of our perception. If we truly want to understand the results of our actions, we must be open to other perspectives. Allowing for other perspectives is also key to having productive relationships with others.
The second flaw is ego-the part of us that's afraid and always in competition. The ego is easily triggered and never feels satiated. Many of us tend to have too much invested in our opinion of ourselves to see the world's feedback-the feedback we need to update our beliefs about reality. This creates a profound ignorance that keeps us repeatedly banging our heads against the wall. Our inability to learn from the world because of our ego arises for many reasons, but two are worth mentioning here. First, we're often so afraid of what others will say about us that we fail to put our ideas out there and subject them to criticism; this way, we can always be right. Second, if we do put our ideas out there, and they're criticized, our ego steps in to protect us-we become invested in defending, instead of upgrading, our ideas. This is antithetical to growth.
The third flaw is distance. The further we are from the results of our decisions, the easier it is to maintain our current views rather than update them. When you put your hand on a hot stove, you quickly learn the natural consequence of doing so. You pay the price for your mistake. Since you are a pain-avoiding creature, you instantly update your knowledge. Before you touch another stove, you check to see if it's hot. But you don't just learn a micro lesson that applies in one situation. Instead, you draw a generalization, one that tells you to check before touching anything that could potentially be hot.
Large organizations often remove us from the direct consequences of our decisions. When we make decisions that other people carry out, we are one or more levels removed from their consequences and may not immediately be able to update our understanding-we come a little off the ground, if you will. The further we are from the feedback on our decisions, the easier it is to convince ourselves that we are right and avoid the challenge, the pain, of updating our views.
Product details
- Publisher : Portfolio (October 15, 2024)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 208 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0593719972
- ISBN-13 : 978-0593719978
- Item Weight : 2.31 pounds
- Dimensions : 5.75 x 0.74 x 8.5 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #18,403 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #42 in Business Decision Making
- #65 in Decision-Making & Problem Solving
- #87 in Cognitive Psychology (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the authors
Shane Parrish is an entrepreneur, investor, and the wisdom seeker behind the popular website Farnam Street where he writes about hidden insights that you can use in life and business.
Parrish is a regular speaker and his work has been featured in places like The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and the Economist. His popular "Brain Food" newsletter is sent out to over 600k people each week and his podcast, The Knowledge Project, is one of the top in the world.
Parrish’s popular online course, Decision by Design, has helped thousands of executives, leaders, and managers worldwide learn the repeatable behaviors that improve decision-making results in the real world.
Discover more of the author’s books, see similar authors, read book recommendations and more.
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Learn more how customers reviews work on AmazonCustomers say
Customers find the mental models introduced in the book valuable and worth pondering. They describe the content as good, easy to understand, and recommended reading at school. The examples and language are simple and clear. Readers appreciate the well-crafted pacing and the foundation provided by the book. However, opinions differ on the writing quality - some find it concise and clear, while others feel it reads like a short story.
AI-generated from the text of customer reviews
Customers find the mental models introduced in the book valuable and well-structured. They appreciate the author's insights, explanations, and guidance. The book provides great frameworks for work and life. It introduces different approaches that help us better understand and interpret our world. Overall, customers find it a concise and insightful introduction to the topic.
"This book introduces basic mental models such as first principles thinking, anti-fragility, inversion, etc.,..." Read more
"...Unless you are an expert, it’s worth reading and keeping it handy. Where it could have been better is mostly when Shane writes examples...." Read more
"The book is great and it is worth pondering every single mental model he describes...." Read more
"...If you’re intrigued by the notion of thinking better—more effectively, more decisively, more confidently—this book is an accessible treasure trove..." Read more
Customers find the book easy to read and recommend it for school. They appreciate the well-balanced content, including anecdotes from history. Many consider it a solid read with great content. The book is described as a fantastic set of volumes once completed and a must-have reference.
"...to the novice reader, and it does a good job. You’ll need, however, more resources if you want to get deeper." Read more
"...Unless you are an expert, it’s worth reading and keeping it handy. Where it could have been better is mostly when Shane writes examples...." Read more
"The book is great and it is worth pondering every single mental model he describes...." Read more
"This is in the top ten books I’ve read. I’m planning to buy several of these to gift to close friends...." Read more
Customers find the book easy to understand with clear examples and simple language. They say it's structured well for first-time readers and those looking for a handy introduction. The frameworks are useful for everyday life, and the examples help them grasp the concepts better.
"This book is an easy read and contains very intelligent thoughts, explanations and guidance...." Read more
"...use the word assemble (with intention) because it is certainly an assembly book. The book does _..." Read more
"Quick read and straight to the point which I’m a fan of. The book goes over roughly 10 different thinking concepts and gives examples of each...." Read more
"...It will supply you with the necessary tools in order to help you look at the world and the problems we encounter in multiple ways...." Read more
Customers find the book well-crafted and organized. They appreciate the good foundation and clear explanation of system artifacts. The book provides overall clarity and is a problem solver and decision maker.
"...introduces basic mental models such as first principles thinking, anti-fragility, inversion, etc., to the novice reader, and it does a good job...." Read more
"...The use of stories of great men and women is well crafted in almost all discussions...." Read more
"...been missing, help you to become a better problem solver, decision maker and provide overall clarity...." Read more
"The foundation is good, the will to explain how system artifacts affect us is good...." Read more
Customers have mixed opinions about the writing quality. Some find it clear and easy to read, with specific examples to illustrate general concepts. Others feel the content is poorly written, lacking in informativeness, and simplistic. There are also typos and irrelevant material.
"I won’t give 5 stars because what is a five star book? This was a very easy read for anyone who knows how to read and want to polish their thinking..." Read more
"...If you’ve ever read Robert Greene and enjoyed it, this is written in a similar style without the diabolical tone and effect...." Read more
"...But the execution is simplistic, the text is short and the content reads like a short story, amidst a recommendation brochure...." Read more
"This book is an easy read and contains very intelligent thoughts, explanations and guidance...." Read more
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Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on October 14, 2024This book introduces basic mental models such as first principles thinking, anti-fragility, inversion, etc., to the novice reader, and it does a good job. You’ll need, however, more resources if you want to get deeper.
- Reviewed in the United States on November 6, 2019I won’t give 5 stars because what is a five star book? This was a very easy read for anyone who knows how to read and want to polish their thinking with a few tools. Unless you are an expert, it’s worth reading and keeping it handy. Where it could have been better is mostly when Shane writes examples. They are good, but I think half of them aren’t quite accurate or he is just speculating that someone used x or y model but he doesn’t really know. How about 5 examples that can contrast to one another; how about not showing them as a one mental model specific (as I’m sure all cases are a mix of several models) I guess it becomes the task of the reader to figure it out, but having listened to Shane before, I believe he could pull up better “case studies”. Also, we live in such complex interesting times; do we really need to talk about people who supposedly used these models 300 years ago? And not in our lifetime? I’m sure there is no malice in just writing about very old examples, it’s probably a Hanlin’s razor case! — FS / Shane is doing a great service putting this out there - but they can do much better with not a lot of effort. Thank you Shane.
- Reviewed in the United States on January 18, 2022The book is great and it is worth pondering every single mental model he describes. You may already know some of them or even all of them but having it described and discussed before you sheds some lights on aspects of the model you may have ignored in your use of it. I was deeply enlightened by many of the book’s discussions. The use of stories of great men and women is well crafted in almost all discussions.
The only complaint I have is the naturalistic viewpoint that is preached in some parts of the book. I believe the author fails to apply the very thing he’s advocating for when he does that: a rational analysis of what is said. Take the Sagan example and do it by yourself, he throws one phrase from a scientist in the air as if the phrase was a scientific argument, which is clearly not. Note that the phrase in question is so damaging that it has been used many times to discredit important recent scientific discoveries.
Anyways, my 2 cents: focus on what the author do best and forget about his wandering into metaphysics.
- Reviewed in the United States on December 22, 2022This is in the top ten books I’ve read. I’m planning to buy several of these to gift to close friends. If you’re intrigued by the notion of thinking better—more effectively, more decisively, more confidently—this book is an accessible treasure trove of practical information. If you’ve ever read Robert Greene and enjoyed it, this is written in a similar style without the diabolical tone and effect. Further, the design of it and reasonable price makes it an all around win. Just love it. Highly recommended! — from a guy who has a personal library of over a thousand books and reluctantly tells people I like to read when they ask what I do for fun.
- Reviewed in the United States on August 9, 2020I had high expectations, but the book was disappointing compared to them. This does not mean that book was bad. Farnam Street blog is maybe the best mental models for publishing, but the book does not match with the quality of the blog. When the book has Occam's Razor model in it, you must use it throughout the book. This did not happen. It is twice as long as it has to be. It lacks synthesis between the models. You can find more of it from the blog, but the book does not have it enough.
I hope the second book is better because this wastes too much precious time. The content in the book is fine, but it could be better and shorter.
- Reviewed in the United States on November 11, 2023This book is an easy read and contains very intelligent thoughts, explanations and guidance. I had a preconceived notion that this would be a long, boring read and that I wouldn’t finish it (typical for me). I was very wrong. I highly recommend it.
- Reviewed in the United States on January 1, 2020This book is a consolidation of the wonderful mental models that Farnam Street has learned over the years from its highly distinguished guests. The cover image does a perfect TL;DR on what the book really is - it is an assortment of important thinking concepts (frameworks) that you want:
a) to be aware of, and
b) keep handy to apply
whenever you are thinking deeply about a problem or a life decision. It seems Shane Parrish has good motivations to assemble this because probably he is probably trying to teach all these models to his own kids.
Note, I use the word assemble (with intention) because it is certainly an assembly book. The book does
_not_ introduce some extensive new research or offer a brand new concept/model per se but rather is a nice consolidation of many important ideas in one single place -- the content is by no means author's original findings and they don't claim so either. Having said that, getting everything organized cohesively isn't easy at all, so kudos to them in my opinion. A clear read overall & definitely something to have in your bookshelf.
- Reviewed in the United States on March 5, 2024Whether it be your everyday problems, or how politicians, inventors, scientists, artists, leaders solve a variety of problems, this book lights the way. Your mind sees with new eyes after reading it.
Top reviews from other countries
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Carlos Henrique RueckertReviewed in Brazil on June 20, 2024
5.0 out of 5 stars Perspectivas diferentes para resolver problemas.
The Great Mental Models vol1 - Modelos mentais explicados para serem usados para solucionar problemas. Como se fossem óculos diferentes para enxergar de maneiras diferentes.
- O mapa não é o território: embora úteis para conhecer, não é possível descrever a realidade com leis absolutas, use os mapas ao seu favor mas entenda suas limitações
- Circulo de competência: entenda que você não sabe de tudo, não deixe seu ego interferir decisões. Aprenda, use e veja o resultado, use feedback alheio para melhorar.
- Ponderamento através de princípios: foque em entender os conceitos e não a estratégia detalhada, entendendo o fundamento você monta a própria estratégia e consegue ver erros nas vigentes
- Imaginação das possibilidades: faça perguntas para compreender conceitos e coisas, imagine possibilidades fora do normal para entender até onde aquela coisa chega, como ela funciona em determinada situação.
- Imaginação das consequências: pense no resultado que a sua decisão irá causar, muitas vezes uma decisão ruim agora é a melhor para o longo prazo, as vezes uma ação boa agora acarretará em ruína no futuro.
- Pensamento probabilístico: use matemática e lógica para estimar chances e ter uma perspectiva melhor do problema, bote as opções lado a lado antes de ponderar.
- Inversão: ao invés de começar pelo inicio, comece pelo final. Pergunte-se o que precisaria acontecer para esse resultado ser real. Alternadamente, com um objetivo em mente, ao invés do melhor caminho, procure evitar os piores. -
- Occams razor: a explicação mais simples geralmente é a correta.
- Hanlons razor: As pessoas que te causam mal não fazem por vilãnia, fazem por ignorância, estupidez ou preguiça. Não leve para o pessoal.
Carlos Henrique Rueckert
Reviewed in Brazil on June 20, 2024
- O mapa não é o território: embora úteis para conhecer, não é possível descrever a realidade com leis absolutas, use os mapas ao seu favor mas entenda suas limitações
- Circulo de competência: entenda que você não sabe de tudo, não deixe seu ego interferir decisões. Aprenda, use e veja o resultado, use feedback alheio para melhorar.
- Ponderamento através de princípios: foque em entender os conceitos e não a estratégia detalhada, entendendo o fundamento você monta a própria estratégia e consegue ver erros nas vigentes
- Imaginação das possibilidades: faça perguntas para compreender conceitos e coisas, imagine possibilidades fora do normal para entender até onde aquela coisa chega, como ela funciona em determinada situação.
- Imaginação das consequências: pense no resultado que a sua decisão irá causar, muitas vezes uma decisão ruim agora é a melhor para o longo prazo, as vezes uma ação boa agora acarretará em ruína no futuro.
- Pensamento probabilístico: use matemática e lógica para estimar chances e ter uma perspectiva melhor do problema, bote as opções lado a lado antes de ponderar.
- Inversão: ao invés de começar pelo inicio, comece pelo final. Pergunte-se o que precisaria acontecer para esse resultado ser real. Alternadamente, com um objetivo em mente, ao invés do melhor caminho, procure evitar os piores. -
- Occams razor: a explicação mais simples geralmente é a correta.
- Hanlons razor: As pessoas que te causam mal não fazem por vilãnia, fazem por ignorância, estupidez ou preguiça. Não leve para o pessoal.
Images in this review -
Odessa ChampsReviewed in Mexico on December 14, 2021
5.0 out of 5 stars Excelente
Soy de la misma idea que los autores del libro: si no conocemos los fundamentos del mundo y nuestros modelos de pensamiento, no vamos a llegar muy lejos. Bastante disfrutable y con una estética muy sugerente. Lo recomiendo ampliamente.
- Jose Manuel Monroy DiazReviewed in the Netherlands on December 4, 2024
1.0 out of 5 stars Terrible condition
The book arrived in terrible condition, like it was used as a doorstop. This is a disservice to the content it holds, which is completely uncoupled to the review.
Jose Manuel Monroy Diaz
Reviewed in the Netherlands on December 4, 2024
Images in this review - BallettiReviewed in Italy on November 10, 2024
5.0 out of 5 stars a free time reading
I Liked this book even if I found short and oversimplified. It does clear many aspects of people reasoning and how to face them. In my opinion, I suggest it like a free time reading.
- Bernd KarlovitsReviewed in Germany on May 20, 2024
5.0 out of 5 stars Clear, concise, right to the point
Best ever read book on this topic. The provided knowledge is scientifically proven and delivered in an effortless easy way. A pleasure to read it.